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Saigon, early morning. Weather, hot. Traffic, insane. We have to get from our hotel to the bus station, to pick up a public bus, for the seven-hour trip to another country. But how? Sareth, our new minder for the Cambodian leg of our odyssey, offers us a choice – comfortable, air-conditioned, people-carrier taxis, or cyclos. Hmm. Let’s think. There, that didn’t take long, did it? There was a unanimous, group-blanch at the thought of careering our way through the Saigon rush hour, perched on a little seat, with our legs stuck out in front, powered at the back by a frenetically peddling chain-smoker, and with our luggage piled – well, where, exactly? Basically, the only place for our luggage would have been on our laps. We’d have lost the lot. Bring on the taxis. And so it was, that we all found ourselves, once again, with ruckies, camera bags, and extra luggage, perched on the edge of the pavement outside the hotel, casting hopeful entreaties at every taxi zooming past us, which they did, all of them, without a glance. We weren’t quite in panic mode, but it was after 8am, and our bus departure time was 8:30. What we hadn’t sussed, was that taxi-hailing in Vietnam requires the same steely, single-minded, careless abandon, as road-crossing. Move over, Rover, let the pros take over. Sareth, pursued by a couple of the reception staff, ran down the hotel steps and plunged straight into the stream of traffic. There, complete with whistles and cries and much flapping of arms, and other wild gestures, they began a mass hailing of taxis. It worked. We were impressed. Minutes later, three taxi-loads, bags and all, were weaving their way across the city, until eventually, we fetched up at the bus terminal. OK, not a terminal as we know it, Jim, but a stretch of pavement beside a busy main road, where jostling crowds were already fighting the good fight to mount one of the several buses that waited there, engines chugging. A carbon copy of our Megabus experience in New York City, so many weeks ago.
Mercifully, a darling young girl found us, plucked us out of the clamour, supervised the stowing of our gear, and soon had us sitting comfortably on board the Saigon – Phnom Penh Express Bus. We’d been imagining that this public bus might be a rattling old boneshaker, packed to the roof rack with sweating humanity, but, in fact, it was practically empty, and very smart. Frangipani Annie ( we’d asked her name, but it whisked by, in a blur of silky sibilants, and rollercoaster vowels), ticked us off her list, and then presented us with a bottle of water each, and little boxes of pastries, to keep us going through the morning. Later, we realised that we’d barely glanced back at Saigon, and Vietnam, barely said goodbye. It’s in the nature of travel, though. We’d had a great time, and it had been a fantastic experience, but now it was on with the next – we were Cambodia-bound!
The journey to the border crossing at Moc Bai took around two hours. The glamour of Saigon city centre soon gave way to the reality of a poorer life, existing alongside the highway. There are many, many pretty little villages tucked away in the vast agricultural hinterland, but few big towns. Almost every form of commerce is right there, lining each side of the road. There’s an unbroken ribbon-development of small food shops, restaurants, garages, undertakers, bike-repair shops, temples, and stonemasons. Anything that can be sold or traded, animal, vegetable, or mineral, is on display, laid out on tarpaulins or on blankets, in the street, or across the pavements, on makeshift stalls, or in ancient, immaculately-stocked shops. In stark contrast to the vast swathes of timeless, verdant countryside, occasionally glimpsed between the buildings as we passed, life teems along the wayside. Woman haggling, bartering, selling and buying, carefully balancing goods on heads, tying impossible loads to frail, overloaded bicycle-frames, men playing dice, or chequers, or cards, drinking tea, arguing the toss, setting the world to rights, it all happens, all the time. Tiny children playing everywhere, birds in cages, puppies chasing each other, and snuffling their noses in nameless street odours, that they’d have done better to have passed by… it is a constantly moving, constantly fascinating world, a technicolour blur of costumes and flowers, and food, and brightly-coloured lanterns and shrines. There is poverty, by western standards, certainly, but Vietnam is one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, and you could never accuse these people of being work-shy. There is an irresistible feeling of “up” about the place…
Before leaving home, we’d organised our visas for Cambodia, but some of our party hadn’t. They set about completing application forms, ably assisted by Frangipani Annie. Sweet F.A. spoke fluent, albeit heavily accented, English, as well as Cambodian and Vietnamese, and explained to us all, in a selection of those languages, the procedure to be followed at the border. Borders. Again, it’s in the nature of travel, that these are places of excitement, and, on occasion, trepidation. Here, we were simply excited.
Every last bit of our luggage had to be taken off the bus, and carried through the border building, to be scanned through an airport-style machine. All the uniformed staff seemed very pleasant, if not particularly thorough. There was a short queue, before we reached passport control. A charming, smiley man asked us where we were going. Bearing in mind that we were at the Vietnam/Cambodia border, and were looking over his shoulder at a door, through which we could see Cambodia, we decided to stick with the bleeding obvious. Cambodia, we said. He smiled. We passed through the door.
Reunited with our bus, we loaded our luggage and were soon on our way, into our next country.
The first building we noticed, immediately after the border, was a giant casino. It was incongruous, almost absurd. A vast building, dedicated to mammon, set back from the road, and totally out of keeping with its surroundings. We were in a different country. Yes, there were still a billion mopeds and motorbikes, but they seemed older and tattier than their Vietnamese counterparts. The few cars that we saw, however, appeared to be extremely expensive, pristine, and huge. This was our first exposure to the more obvious divide between rich and poor that exists in Cambodia. The continuing strip-development of roadside shops, traders and cafés, was similar to that in Vietnam, but gave the impression that it was closer to poverty. Much of the land flanking the road seemed uncultivated, the road itself potholed and dusty, and, in many places, rutted and fraying at the edges.
Sareth outlined some of the differences that we might encounter, moving from Vietnam to Cambodia. Firstly, he pointed to the looks of the Cambodian people. Many of them, particularly from the south of the country, are darker-skinned, and look more Indian, than oriental. Sareth, himself, has an almost chocolate complexion, as opposed to the pale, sallow skin-tones of the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese are a very tactile people, and, while the Cambodians share this attribute, they consider it rude to be touched on their heads. Older people can touch kids, but it is very wrong for those of equal age, even lovers, to touch the head. Now, it’s doubtful whether any of us had previously entertained notions of randomly tousling the hair of the nearest passing Cambodian, or chucking them under the chin, or even tweaking their earlobes, but it’s amazing how being warned against things makes one feel a bit rebellious, a touch naughty. Sweet F.A. and Sareth will never know how close they came…
It’s also rude to show the soles of your feet at any time. Which is presumably why there are no Cambodians playing for Man. United, or Arsenal, or Chelsea. They’d never get the job, because they couldn’t roll about on their backs, feigning life-threatening injuries, whilst flapping their feet in the air…
Soon after crossing the border, Sareth called a halt for lunch. It was steamy hot, but only just after 11am, so, while most of our travelling companions tucked into some spicy goodies, we abstained, and just had beers. Back on the road, and after another couple of hours, we arrived at Phumi Banam. This was a hustling, bustling little town, on the eastern bank of the Mekong River, with the usual crush of traders, and press of customers, jostling and weaving, in a fury of yelling and bartering. They love it. Our bus slowed to a halt, as an eclectic line of vehicles formed a ragged queue for the ferry. Sareth jumped off the bus and picked up a bag of milky fruit. These look like large damsons, but are milky white inside, and very refreshing. We were beginning to realise what a sweet guy Sareth is. He bought the fruit with his own money. He simply wanted us to taste milky fruit, to share this unique taste of his country. This was the first of many Cambodian culinary delights he was to offer us over the next few days. Frangipani Annie bought some sticky rice, stuffed inside a large bamboo tube, also for us to sample. How could we refuse?
The smoky line of trucks, buses, and mopeds edged forwards, down an uncertain grade of crusty, dusty ruts, towards the mighty Mekong. Eventually we arrived at the river’s edge, and squeezed our way on to the waiting ferry. This was more a metal raft, a creaking vessel of uncertain vintage, that’d probably racked up thousands of crossings of this famous waterway. Yet again, on this amazing trip of ours, we were momentarily flashed-back a couple of months, to our first sight of the magnificent Mississippi. Another vast, brown expanse of water, bringer of life and death to many generations of people. As the ferry prepared to cast loose, we got off our bus, to be greeted by a flock of kids, all desperate to sell us something. Postcards, fruit, sweets, cigarettes, anything. And they were only the advanced guard. They were closely followed by women with buckets of raw fish, baskets of rough breads, and some with flat, palm panniers balanced on their heads, festooned with birds. Dead birds. River birds. Baked, and basted a light, caramel brown. Moorhen, anyone? In a Mekong jus? No?
We shuddered and shook our way across the moody fluence, under an unrelenting sun. The western bank focussed sharp, and brown. Dust seemed settled, everywhere. Our bus grumbled up the ragged slope, tyres struggling for grip, as we left the river valley behind. The last of the town petered out, and, now, on either side there was only scrappy vegetation. A tough, unforgiving vista unfolded, that spoke of tough, troubled times, and grinding poverty. Gone was the verdant refulgence of Vietnam’s jungle forests. Instead, there were thousands of acres of braised, khaki grasslands, offering scant hope of crops, and plenty. The volume of traffic had eased, but not the propensity for any vehicle, whatever its size, to imagine it had the right to occupy the very centre of the road. Actually, not an unreasonable attitude, given the uncertain state of the margins of the highway. The distance signs ticked away decreasing numbers to Cambodia’s capital. Sweet F. A. delivered another of her delightful, semi-audible, multi-lingual speeches and, hey presto, seven hours after departing Saigon, we were in Phnom Penh.
The Nawin Guest House, our digs for the next couple of nights, is in a tiny side-street, in the middle of the city, a stone’s throw from the Tonle Sap River, the Palace, and the museum. Brilliantly situated. Our room was on the third floor, and there was no lift. So we lugged our stuff upstairs, collapsed on the bed for a few minutes, had a quick shower, and ventured out.
We were hungry, having eschewed the early lunch, and the blandishments of the moorhen-sellers, so we strolled out into the thick, clammy, afternoon air, and found a little café between the hotel and the river, which offered hearty, and stupidly-cheap, noodle soup – absolutely fantastic. This was washed down with large bottles of the local Angkor beer – lovely, and less than a dollar a pop. The temperature had steadily increased as we progressed south through Vietnam, and on into Cambodia, and a hefty dollop of humidity came with it. We were hot. We took a walk along the banks of the Tonle Sap, and on our way back, discovered that the FCC (Foreign Correspondent’s Club), perched atop a bar on the corner of our street, sold Illy coffee. This was a joy beyond joys, as our caffeine buds had been severely deprived during our South-East Asian trip; they just don’t really do serious coffee, and Illy is a Bardot amongst the Vestals.
You may think that we’d have learnt our lesson in Saigon, but no, cyclos were once again on the menu that afternoon. City tour, anyone? It has to be said, it’s a fantastic way of taking a white-knuckle, whistle-stop tour of any city. Terrifying? Well, it’s not quite standing up to give a speech at a wedding, clutching a blank piece of paper, with your trousers round you ankles, but, as these things go, a little scary. The traffic in Phnom Penh was just as mad as in the cities of Vietnam, but perhaps a little more dangerous. This is, in part, due to the amount of enormous four-wheel drive cars, mostly without number plates, many driven by teenagers, looking decidedly shifty. They bullied their way through the streets, and onto roundabouts, only missing squashing us in our little cyclos, by fractions. We were all bumped a fair bit, but by now, were fairly resilient. It was great. We toured the sights, including the Palace, a decorative structure, finished in yellow, and looking rather glorious, bathed in the setting sunlight. We fetched up at Wat Phnom, an artificial hill, 100 feet high, on which a Mrs Penh erected a temple to Buddha in the 1300s. The temple, the hill, the park and the trees were infested with monkeys, real ones, hairy, flea-bitten, but, nonetheless real. Sort of thing that makes you find yourself inadvertently scratching. Only one cure for an inadvertent scratch. Alcohol. We were dropped off at the FCC, and made our way up to the bar on the third floor. This was another press bar, famous as a safe hang-out during the war, and, for once, the cocktails served were first-class. That is, alcoholic. We could wax lyrical, and indeed Sharon and Logan never stopped doing so, about the merits and delights of the Ginger Roger, a potentially dubious concoction, chosen for the irresistible name, but suffice to say, it contained gin and ginger, and assorted stuff. The exact recipe has been posted somewhere on the internet. It was gorgeous, and had a real kick. None of the fake, overpriced disappointment, served in the press bar, back in Saigon. We ambled up the road to a restaurant, overlooking the river, and had our first taste of Khmer cuisine. It was great. Similar to Vietnamese, but less spicy, and more coconut based. The dish we enjoyed the most, during our time in Cambodia, was the “amok”. This comprises vegetables, with or without meat or fish, cooked in coconut milk, and served in a young coconut. You are given some sticky rice to go with it, and it is just heaven. Other dishes include crispy spring rolls, chicken satay, vegetables, in profusion, and rice or noodles. This was pretty much the cuisine available throughout the country, and we really loved it.
S21 and the Killing Fields
Those of you familiar with the history of South-East Asia will be aware of the almost constant turmoil that has afflicted the region for the best part of two thousand years, and particularly the disastrous period from the mid-seventies to the mid-eighties, when terror engulfed Cambodia, with lasting effect. While this is no history blog, we are not going to dodge the issues that patently still burn, and, some of the effects of which, we glimpsed. We were invited to visit S21, and the Killing Fields. Well, Killing Field, actually, as there are a couple of hundred of them, and we were to see but one.
After the French withdrew from Indochina in the mid-fifties, constant disputes and power struggles plagued Cambodia, and, as the Vietnam War ended in 1975, bloody civil war came to a head. The Khmer Rouge, a communist-inspired group that had been fighting for five years from the jungles and agrarian outlands, marched into Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia, on 17 April 1975. There was little resistance. The Khmer Rouge was headed by Pol Pot. He’d been to Paris in the early fifties, to study, but failed his exams three times, and had to return to Cambodia. He’d been in contact with Communists whilst in France, and had evolved his own version of a social movement that would ‘free’ his people. He would take over the country, cleanse the population of all opposition, and turn the clocks back to ‘Year Zero’. Everyone would be forced to work on the land, and would be returned to the’ glorious’ state of being a peasant. This would be a peasant population with no books, no money, no schools, no hospitals and no religion. And no need for them. Nice and easy to govern.
The Khmer Rouge scared everyone in Phnom Pehn, by convincing them that the Americans were about to bomb their city, thus enabling them to evacuate the city quickly, and completely. Anyone who refused to leave immediately was shot. Any hospital patients, indeed, anyone unable to move or walk, was shot. This happened in every city and town throughout the country.
Next, anyone who was suspected of having benefited under the previous regime, or could form part of any potential opposition to Pol Pot, was to be eliminated. This included professors, judges, politicians, doctors, teachers, and civil servants. Along with their families, and friends, and acquaintances. Every vestige of an intelligentsia was to be destroyed.
In 1975, Tuol Sleng school, in the middle of Phnom Penh City, was re-named S21. Today it is the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum.
The high-school buildings and playgrounds at S21 were used for the detention, interrogation, and torture of all prisoners, men, women, and children, who’d been arrested between 1975 and 1979. All were photographed, all were recorded. They were mainly Cambodians who were deemed to have been part of the lazy elite – in other words, anyone skilled and educated. This was soon extended to include anyone who wore glasses, as they believed these to be a sign of intelligence, and they used to check the condition of people’s hands. Soft hands meant that you can’t have done manual labour, and thus were privileged. Many people tried to conceal their identity, or former occupation, but eventually gave in under torture, and ‘confessed’. Or they were betrayed, usually by other prisoners, trying to save themselves, but these betrayals were also taken as confessions. After the confessions were recorded, the prisoners were photographed again, and then loaded into trucks and taken to the outskirts of the city, to the killing fields, where they were clubbed over the head until they were dead, and buried in mass graves. They were not shot. They were not considered worthy of a bullet. No quick deaths. No mercy.
Such was the paranoia of Pol Pot’s regime, that, as they ran out of potential opponents to eliminate, they turned on their own. Many members of the Khmer Rouge thus suffered, including the guards at S21, and the other detention centres, who were deemed to know too much. They were killed, and then replaced by children, some as young as 10, who were kidnapped from the countryside, and trained, under threat of death, to torture and kill.
It is conservatively estimated that, in all, more than 20,000 prisoners were tortured at S21, including children and babies. And this was just one of 200-such detention centres across Cambodia.
We visited S21, now the Genocide Museum, on a glorious morning of blue skies and hot sun. Bustling, busy, city life was all around, shops open, kids going to school, streets full of trading, selling, and moped mayhem, and then a long, low wall appeared on our right, topped with barbed wire, surrounding yellowing buildings. We got off the bus, and entered through the old school gates. We’re not going to take you with us, through those gates.
Back on the bus, and on to Choeung Ek, the killing field for S21, the ground where the remains of those 20,000 poor souls are mixed with the earth itself.
We all had our cameras with us, and none of us have any photos of that morning.
It is not known exactly how many people died during Pol Pot’s time of ‘Year Zero’. The estimate is between 1.8 and 2.4 million, mainly by execution, but many from disease. Mainly diseases that were preventable, had it not been for the abolition of hospitals and doctors. The result is that, today, almost 50% of the population is under 18, and less than 4% are over 65.
Pol Pot was born, Saloth Sar, in 1925. ‘Pol Pot’, the name he adopted, was short for Political Potential. We think Mass Mur Pot would have been more apt.
The Vietnamese finally invaded Cambodia in 1979,to stop the horrors, and Pol Pot ran away, with the remains of the Khmer Rouge, to hide in the forest. There followed 20 more years of upheaval, during which both China, and the CIA, supported the Khmer Rouge covertly, with food and arms. In 1989, the Vietnamese withdraw all their troops. In 1996, the Khmer Rouge splintered into factions, and in 1998, Pol Pot died. Of heart failure.
Moving on…
That afternoon, we visited the Russian Market, a massive collation of stalls, a sort of North-African souk, all undercover, and selling a vast variety of foodstuffs, household goods, and local wares. Our group split up and disappeared into the dark recesses of retail. We, meanwhile, realised that we’d worked up a real thirst. After a satisfying swoosh of beer in a nearby bar, we ventured into the hot and sticky air of the market. We were tempted by many things, but, as always, were conscious of the fact that we only had our little rucksacks to carry everything, and still had the rest of Cambodia, and then Thailand, to go. So, regretfully, we restrained ourselves, and just bought a couple of lightweight, and very necessary, shirts, for just $10 and then, after hooking up with Roseanne, we grabbed a $1 Tuk-Tuk ride back to our hotel.
Another vital shower later, we ventured out into the scorching late-afternoon, and walked to the Museum, just across the park from our hotel. It was interesting, but a little solemn. It’s not blessed with a huge amount, or great variety, of exhibits, but provides a glimpse into the past, and sufficient hints of what still might be found, should the country be left at peace, long enough to dig and discover. The building, in French Colonial style, like so many in Phnom Penh, is lovely, surrounded by flowers and trees, and festooned with decorations. Afterwards, we wandered across the dusty, littered park, and strolled around the grounds of the palace, and then down towards the river, and the FCC, for another Illy. Later that night, we dined at a massive open- air restaurant that specialises in spit-roasts. The evening air was still quite hot, and was now heavy with the fume of fat-spitting coals and roasting flesh.
On the way home, we saw a stray dog run-over and killed by a Tuk-Tuk, and later, texts started to come through from all over the world, bringing us the tragic news that a junk had sunk in Halong Bay, and that some young travellers, and boat crew, had been killed. A sad end, to a difficult day.
Our time in Phnom Penh was both thought-provoking, and fascinating. It is an exciting, colourful and “on the edge” city. It would be wrong just to associate it with genocide and dead dogs, but, as a city, it is difficult get your head round. The disparity between the rich and the poor is enormous. Corruption is everywhere, and obvious. There are beggars on every corner, and the bits in between. We saw many young women begging, with their naked toddlers and babies, lying in the dusty, littered streets. There are still a number of beautiful French Colonial buildings that survived the 1970’s, and some signs of development and growth, particularly along the river front, but it is impossible to tell when, if at all, any benefits will filter through to the very poor. Phnom Penh is, very much, unfinished business.
North, by North-West
Our next destination, the following day? Siem Reap, gateway to the temples, and Angkor, the ancient capital of Cambodia. This was undoubtedly one of the most eagerly anticipated destinations of our whole trip, so we decided to set the day off in style, with an early breakfast at the FCC. Buckets of Illy, of course, accompanied by platefuls of cinnamon toast, soaked with lashings of butter. Illy coffee was, unquestionably, the phoenix rising from the coffee ashes of South East Asia, and so, with caffeine levels vastly heightened, and rucksacks packed, we were going up the country, off on the road again…
The northern districts of Phnom Penh cling to the banks of the Tonle Sap River, a tributary of the Mekong, which is the obvious thoroughfare, and lifeblood, of this region. Our road ran northwards, and would eventually have to cross this substantial river, which was draining from Tonle Sap Lake, the fourth-largest fresh-water lake in the world. Before long, a huge and splendid, modern bridge came into view. But it was not for us. It had been built with private money, and there was a toll to pay. We continued north, and eventually headed east, over a much older, narrower bridge. The traffic dwindled, which was lucky, because so did the road. It had become a series of giant potholes, separated by narrow veins of dusty earth. The progress of our little bus became painfully slow, but the view was amazing, as the road had been constructed on a huge bank, giving far-reaching views of a much more productive agricultural landscape. Great forests appeared on the horizon, as well as distant mountains. We drove through little villages, and small towns, and while there weren’t exactly signs of wealth, the people looked healthier, and seemed better-dressed, and there were more crops in the surrounding fields. We swung to the north again, and then to the north-west, as we made our way past Tonle Sap. The roadway improved, and we were making better progress. The sun was beating down on the tree-lined road, and either side were lily-ponds, crammed with gorgeous lotus lilies. We passed little houses, shrouded in multi-coloured bougainvillea, and frangipani. Children staffed little roadside stalls, sporting stacked hands of bananas, and little mountains of milky fruits.
Sareth signalled a stop for the Happy House. We pulled over to a roadside café, around which were gathered a mass of stalls groaning under displays of fruit, sweets, cans of drink, and homemade foodstuffs. As the doors of the bus opened, we were crowded by a gang of children, from toddlers to teenagers, all offering incredible bargains, all at once. Some of our party braved the Happy House, and the rest of us defended ourselves against the tidal wave of commerce. It was good-humoured, but unrelenting, pressure. Even the tiniest of the children had something to sell, maybe one postcard, or a little plastic bag of semi-rotten bananas.
Sareth then gathered us round, and opened his hands, to show us that he was holding a live tarantula. He had a huge smile on his face. We were not so sure. Lots of kids surrounded us, evidently keen to see if these strange, tall, white people would be scared, silly, or just scared silly. Logan accepted the proffered arachnid. He held out his hands, and Sareth carefully placed the eight-legged creature on him. To this point, we had not seen the spider actually move, but now it made a short and sudden scuttle forward, and nearly disappeared. For, as Jacob said, ’Esau is an hairy man, but he has nothing on Logan’. Logan remained remarkably stoic, as the furry creature blended with his arms. Go, Canada! We had a momentary worry that the Australian flag would be at half-mast, but Alistair stepped up, and took a turn with Boris the Spider.
Then Sareth produced his trump card.
He introduced us to the specialty of this region. There was plate piled high with – what? Lots of black, curled shapes, with just a hint of – hair? We couldn’t quite make it out. Because we didn’t really want to. But it couldn’t be denied. It was a vast plateful of tarantulas. Deep-fried.
Delicious, said Sareth. Does anybody want one?
Well, did anybody? Go on, guess.
No prizes, fans of Alistair, he didn’t let you down, and the answer to your question is: rubber bands… but Al was not alone. Let’s hear it for Logan, previously circumspect in his diet, throwing caution to the winds, and crunching toothsomely on a tasty tib and fib.
Surely, you ask, that must be the giddy limit to culinary gross-outs on this trip?
Well, no, it wasn’t…it does get worse. So join us next time, for tales of tall temples, and baths for a hundred concubines, and hear about more locally-sourced, seasonal foods, and a hammock-full of Swiss buttocks…